Cryogenic fast charging forces graphite anode overpotentials below zero volts, driving metallic lithium deposition that requires pre-heating or dynamic current scaling to prevent cell failure.
Prismatic cell subzero charge acceptance requires strict current derating below zero degrees Celsius to prevent irreversible metallic lithium plating.
Cryogenic fast charging forces graphite surfaces to stoichiometric saturation, driving negative electrode potentials below zero and causing severe plating.
Dynamic tracking of graphite anode potential prevents sub-zero metallic lithium plating by throttling charging current before interfacial overpotentials breach 0V.
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