Operando impedance isolates micro-structural electrolyte depletion and transient lithium plating in real time under continuous super-C discharge.
Transmission line deconvolution separates pore liquid salt diffusion from interfacial kinetics, isolating high-rate transport bottlenecks before thermal runaway.
Excessive calendering line pressure crushes electrode mesopores below 10 nm, elevating ionic tortuosity and choking high-rate transport despite density gains.
Electrochemical impedance transmission line modeling isolates micro-structural electrolyte salt depletion under continuous high-C discharge before voltage collapse.
High-voltage operation accelerates cathode surface reconstruction and transition metal dissolution, demanding operando impedance testing and warranty risk controls.
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